by datta Nighut 
1. Introduction to Mumbai Airport
Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has been boasting of being one of the major aviation hubs, not only domestically but also internationally. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport spreads its wings across India and abroad, with several services both domestic and international connecting major air routes and cities. Recently awarded the Best Airport for the year 2020 in terms of customer experience and satisfaction, the airport is spread over a total area of 1,850 acres.
One of the busiest airports in India, Mumbai Airport (CSIA) sees a movement of 1,000 flights per day and handles over 45 million passengers in a year, traveling to 154 different locations worldwide. While passengers transiting between international and domestic flights during one journey were around 1.5 million and 3.1 million in 2013 and 2014 respectively, the aircraft movement from domestic to international flights at the Mumbai airport was the largest in the year 2013, having seen a movement of 265,000 flights between the two sectors.
The airport, based in Mumbai, India’s West Coast, is located at a unique vantage point from where it acts as a gateway to the major economic and tourism infrastructural powerhouse cities, states, and countries, not only the rest of India but also the neighboring subcontinents of Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Europe.
Being a coastal city, Mumbai itself has a lot of potential for tourism and adventure sports – it is both the financial capital and India’s city of dreams – a bustling, colorful, varied entity with something to offer for everyone that resides within its periphery and beyond.
2019 marked a period of successful twenty years of operations of the Mumbai International Airport Limited, spanning two decades of landmark infrastructure, progressive technology, and cutting-edge engineering. It is imperative to note that any information recorded, mentioned, or evaluated post-2019 could be different in terms of statistics, figures, and numbers from below, and the same could be interlinked with variables such as policy changes, industry revolutions, etc. A lot of interesting milestones and achievements the airport has accumulated over the years are mentioned in the background of this subject section.
1.1. Historical Background and Significance
The Mumbai Airport is rich in history, tracing its origins to former defense airports way back in the 1920s. What started as a small gleaming tar-red strip, which required the visitors’ pavilion to act as an Air Traffic Control Tower, the Mumbai Airport has seen billions in investment, expansion, and technology and is symbolic of Mumbai’s relentless growth.
While the Pune Airport remained operational without any interruptions, the Juhu Airport saw the outbreak of plague and the Saat Rasta Market on its grounds, followed by its reconstruction in 1928. Since the early 1930s, an air link between it and Delhi was maintained with guest houses at the termini of the two sectors.
This was done by a private operator with the old De Havilland Puss Moths, a feat that worried the fledgling Indian government so much as it appeared possible to evacuate thousands of people from the affected center in a short time.
The earliest ideas for a more modern airport for Bombay landed on the drawing boards as early as 1949, but it was really the Interim Civil Aviation Committee in 1954 that proposed the new airport, the site for which was the current Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.
The development of the airport in Santacruz commenced in the 1940s, due to land restrictions and legal disputes. In those early years, the interim officials, each with barely two years’ tenures, managed the airport. At that time, much of Bombay was an archipelago – seven islands linked occasionally by ships. The airport was just a large strip of tarred marshland! Over the decades, the operations started moving from Juhu and Interim Offices to Santa Cruz.
The airport kept expanding under the vision of its various individuals, occasionally taking bold decisions. For example, despite being embroiled in World War II, a decision was taken in 1940-41 to expand the airport and build enough hangars to house 80-100 aircraft – more flights than there are today!
The demand for both expansion and continued development of the airport continued. For example, on February 1, 1980, the choice of Bombay was significantly influenced by the fact it was the only major Indian city ready for a permanent airport with a good runway, several hangars, and repair and tooling facilities – the consequence of India’s most protracted development.
The Mumbai International Airport has been developed, managed, and enjoyed the confidence of the public at large, including the business fraternity since 2006 post its successful financial closure and commercial closure.
With Indian prevalence as a commercial and business center, particularly in Southern Asia, the MIA serves as the undisputed and prominently localized traveler’s entrance to India, playing a convoluted and indistinguishable role in the international trade arena, an incisive impulsive force either in the lumpen or in the greenfield investment from different parts of the world.
It can truthfully and fairly be said that if ever the country is shooting waves colonizing the rest of the world, inclusive of shores, it is the Mumbai International Airport which is discharging the vital and determining role acting as the route servant by its connectivity even during the wee hours. As per the terms of the concession agreement, the airport will be managed, operated, and further developed by Mumbai International Airport Private Limited.
The design of the airport terminal creates an outstanding intervention of movement nature and at the same point in time experiences the rapports of periods in the design process, where each passenger may influence their journey path at any time, selecting quick paths between surfaces for fast embarkation or more paced paths allowing subsequent transfer more fascinating calm and tranquil topologies.
2. Infrastructure and Facilities
Mumbai Airport: A Comprehensive Study Infrastructure and Facilities
Mumbai Airport is equipped with an extensive infrastructure that includes a wide array of passenger services, terminal amenities, cargo facilities, and auxiliary services. Different terminals are available for serving international and domestic passengers coming from various locations.
Facilities like car parking, ground transport, airline lounges, and other related services are also available. The entire airport is designed to resemble a public building rather than a highly secured airport. The car park and landside area, including garages, are situated at the airside area of the airport. At every terminal of the airport, security check-in counters are located on the ground floor.
The terminal and apron connectivity are arranged in such a way that both departing and domestic passengers on the airside can enter the building. At terminal 1B, the arrival and distribution areas are interconnected, and continuous check-in is also available, allowing passengers to clear customs at their destination.
Mumbai Airport has a multi-story integrated terminal building, which has different levels providing various ground activities like airport administrative offices, car parking, and ancillary facilities. The airport provides several amenities for passengers and also caters to the needs of the airlines and service providers operating at the airport.
Among the notable amenities provided at the airport are the all-airline ticket counter, advance bag-check and baggage carousel, dock facility, and ground loading for cargo, as well as passenger-service and customer-related services. Above the ground level, ticket counters, bag-checks, and baggage claim facilities are supported by vehicular and pedestrian circulation areas and car parking facilities.
Security arrangements, public address systems, airline boarding gates, and automated check-in counters have been integrated into the terminal to provide a trusting environment within the airport for the convenient travel of passengers. The airport has efficiently maintained a good reputation for having a safe, secure, and flawless high-tech connection between airline and airport technical support systems.
This electronic data interchange is capable of handling both cargo and customers and is integrated with our Distributed Information System. The highly sophisticated technological support and skilled manpower have always ensured an impeccable and flawless experience.
The airport is enhanced with 168 check-in desks, 18 aero-bridges at the terminal, three runways, a cargo terminal complex, and a parking system that can accommodate 1,500 cars. Several facilities are available at Mumbai Airport, including hassle-free currency exchange, banks and ATMs, a child play area with good facilities, a first aid center, and photography services.
The airport also consists of post and telegraph office services, premium guest rooms, and provides online reservation facilities. Police desks and lost and found baggage counters are also available at the airport.
2.1. Terminal Layout and Design
The airport terminal, an erstwhile marine terminal, has been converted into a two-tier passenger terminal with the ground level for arriving and the higher level for departing passengers. The terminal uses two major level structures and a roof plan to regulate passenger flow and segregate arriving and departing passengers.
The two terminals were designed to cater to 20 million passengers. Subsequently, by capturing a larger market share and handling 24 million, the airport decided to expand for an additional 5 million by carrying out minimal restructuring of the terminal areas. The accessibility and proximity of all the facilities to traffic and connecting airside movement defined the layout of the terminal. The terminal has been designed with all modern airport features.
The domestic terminal has only 2 piers, with 6 weatherboarding gates (with more facilities at the ground level), whereas the international terminal has 9 air bridges (with more facilities on the first floor).
The ground floor layout is essential as the passenger workflow is a priority; the design revolves around the check-in and the baggage claim. The first floor has many facilities for passengers after the security hold, including more check-in kiosks, retail, lounges, and internet cafes. In Mumbai, the domestic and international piers are oriented differently and are of different sizes.
Both the domestic and international terminals are, however, close to each other, and passengers can make the transfer within a matter of 10 to 12 minutes. The architectural style of the new terminal is derived from the traditional Indian concept of ‘Mandala,’ which denotes the universe.
The new terminal building is designed in the mandala form, with the roof at the check-in area featuring artwork derived from mandala patterns to welcome passengers to India. The greater airport campus is designed to dot the rooftop with similar designs. The terminal is designed with a focus on addressing passenger needs and minimizing congestion on the city side.
The terminal is designed to take future expansion and modernization into account. The terminal’s unique design ensures the easiest passenger flow, with all of its major points flanked on the axis.
Mumbai airport terminal 2
Mumbai Airport Terminal 2, known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, was started under the project name of “The New Integrated Terminal Building.” This is a unique project where the operational area consists of all features required for passenger movement, control, and supervision, including aircraft movement required for landing and take-off up to the edge of the runway and up to a certain distance from the edges of the runway.
Hence, a lot of precautions are to be taken at all stages of the work to avoid any hindrance to the landing and take-off of the aircraft during operations. This project has twin arrival, double-level departure space, 22 aerobridges, and a passenger handling capacity of 40 to 45 million annually. The new terminal building at CSIA, Mumbai, showcases the heritage of the country in terms of culture and tradition and is based on the inspiration of the national bird, the peacock.
The construction methodology adopted suggested simpler, safe, speedy, and quality construction by considering the nature of the elements, soil condition, ground condition, and safety of aircraft movements during operations. Construction activities are carried out in a safe environment of the taxiway.
The types of sliding operations of RCC roof required for the terminal building, advantages of the box pushing method of D-wall executed for the underpass, along with the clever use of the rock anchoring system in the Roxtec pass-through system for technical manhole construction on the taxiway for three Kirloskar neo-cw active DG sets without the movement of Airbus on the taxiway, are discussed. A great advantage due to these smart technologies and close coordination among the agencies is tension-free structuring at the shortest possible time.
terminal 1 mumbai airport
The Domestic Terminal – Terminal 1 at the Mumbai Airport The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport at Mumbai consists of four terminals, of which Terminal 1 is the base for domestic departures and arrivals.
Terminal 2, on the other hand, houses both international departures and arrivals. Both terminals are located in the western suburb of the city of Santacruz. Terminal 1 consists of the following buildings: Domestic Terminal 1A, Domestic Terminal 1B (Old Wing), and Domestic Terminal 1C, also known as the Air India Terminal or the New Wing. Terminal 1 is the oldest of all four terminals.
Terminal 1 mumbai airport Map
Terminal 1A and 1B are the publicly used ones. The other terminals, including 1C, are solely used by Air India. The building has five levels, with the first four being used for various allotted departments like security, airlines, and customs, while the top level is used for air traffic control. This building is close to the Kurla-Santacruz flyover and is only one kilometer from the CST road.
The major issue with this terminal is the space. Due to a lack of space and an increasing volume of air traffic, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Airport is constructing a new Terminal 1B, which will cost approximately INR 1,500 crores.
This new terminal will add space and reduce congestion in the old terminals. Space is important in airports, especially today with the increasing airport security and air traffic. Airport security in India today has added a new dimension due to terrorism threats and air hijacks that have occurred in previous years. So, to have an airport that can endure all this, infrastructure plays a key role. Terminal 1 at the Mumbai Airport has a glass structure, open layout design, and various merchants, travel agents, and art stores on the ground level. However, space is of prime importance in an airport, and Terminal 1 is facing a shortage.
2.2. Runways and Taxiways
Runways play a vital role in the movement of aircraft along the surface of the airport, i.e., for takeoff or landing. The dimensions and strength of runways vary because of the expected aircraft being operated. The airport comprises two runways. The surfaces of both runways are asphalt.
The length of the runways is 12,008 ft (13,708 ft including overruns), which can accommodate various aircraft types. The classification of runways is as follows, on a 24/7 basis. Runway 09/27 is used for arrivals and departures of domestic flights, and Runway 14/32 is used for arrivals and departures of international flights. The intersection takeoff and simultaneous landings are not permissible.
The share of runways is allocated as per the ATC watch hour. The final mixing time of departure and arrival on both runways is also adjusted with the help of the share ratio that will balance the runway for departure and arrival as per the requirement, except for the peak hours. Arrivals on runways are followed on a first-come, first-served basis, unless late arrivals are approved. No intersection landings in normal conditions are allowed at the airport.
Quick turnaround of operation is allowed by runway crossing at reporting holding points identifying Alpha, Charlie, Delta holding points, and turning onto taxiways Alpha, Sierra, and Romeo for rapid exit from the runway. The approach category is used for quick dispatch of departures with the available gaps. Rapid exit route/taxiways on runway 27 and 32 are available for a rapid exit where the distance available is less to an exit runway.
The following points highlight various aspects such as ambient conditions and statutory design criteria, geometric features, types of pavements and bearing strength, marking and lighting, reliability, runway orientation, and capacity, etc., in respect to taxiways. The equal usage route between two runways is made available to intersections except CAR-D. Twin exit taxiways connected to opposite ends and next to opposite ends provide good capacity.
These arrangements help to reduce the runway occupancy time and deliberate turnover time at the departure apron. The features are in conformity with the requirements of relevant authorities. The runway and taxiway system are maintained as per the effective guidelines of the Aerodrome Manual. The future upgradation and maintenance plans are carried out under the capital apron project to maintain the existing operational requirements.
Runways and taxiways are critical elements of airport infrastructure that help in the taking off and landing process of the plane. These are critical from the perspective of operation as they assist in reducing delay and make the operation smooth and safe.
The designation and operational characteristics available with the airport according to the direction and time the runway is in use are referred to as watch hour. In order to have enough barriers and be confident that the runways can accommodate the sudden diversion of any aircraft, the distance between parallel and other runways was calculated. Runway capacity is computed on the basis of interval mean arrival rate and interval mean departure rate.
The model is a proprietary tool that utilizes historical operational data and provides a realistic way to compare the flight schedule plan and the traffic demand/capacity. The model is also capable of analyzing how capacity-constrained scenarios affect flights. Overall injection capability of the airport estimated throughput of 128.5 ATM per hour.
3. Airlines and Destinations
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is India’s second-busiest and has connectivity that spans the globe. The airport is served by numerous airlines. Each airline has its own marketing strategies; as a result, these airlines are listed. However, some patterns emerge from the marketing strategies of these airlines, such as their primary fleets, hubs, and route networks.
Different airports in India are connected by these airlines. Domestic carriers and international carriers comprise the two main categories of airlines. Around 23,000 flights operate at the airport. While there is considerable variation by the day of the week and the season, evening departure flights dominate.
The day of the week also has an impact on the number of departures. Schedules and services are agreed upon by airlines and various air navigation service providers’ guidelines. Mumbai Airport is a popular starting point and destination for tourists, expatriates, and business travelers.
Each airline must provide the best possible service to attract more passengers. To capture a share of the domestic air market, full-service airlines often offer compelling rates and schedules.
As per market pressures, airlines make strategic choices by evaluating flight demand and setting fair values. Flight ticket costs are regularly tracked and compared to those of other carriers. Larger airlines in India have joined international alliances and partnerships with other international carriers. As a result, passengers can have better connectivity in many cases, and the ability to travel on one ticket has also been expanded. With air travel a luxury for many, Indian carriers are focusing on competing for share in the Middle East market.
3.1. Domestic Airlines and Routes
Mumbai is among the busiest airports in the country in terms of domestic travel. The regular and scheduled flights operate to all major and minor tourist, business, and regional destinations within the country. Two kinds of services are popular: non-stop and connecting flights.
The nonstop flight from Mumbai would reach the destination in the least possible time, while the connecting flights have a stop, technical halt, or sometimes a layover. Domestic flights connect major tourist destinations, metros, and business capitals like Delhi, Goa, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Lucknow, Jaipur, Pune, and Varanasi. During peak travel hours, flights on different routes are operated at a high frequency, and special flights run on a seasonal or festival basis to cater to the demand of such events. The international connecting destinations do have daily direct flights in high frequency for Mumbai.
There are approximately 14 to 15 domestic airlines having air operator permits from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. They have flights from Mumbai to different parts of India, connecting not only the metros but also the regions that have no rail or road connectivity.
There is healthy competition among the airlines, as they have the strength of network and frequency of flights. Passengers benefit from a lot of choices. The competition enables passengers to pay a fair price, with improved services and convenience offered by airlines. After the pandemic, certain airlines are facing challenges with the availability of domestic slots for taking off flights at preferred and suitable times.
They have to delay flights due to high peak hours, with depth in congestion on airport resources, as it becomes slow and causes flight delays during the day. Phase-wise reopening of domestic slots is being done by airports, and the cap has been increased to 85% of flights to be operated. The domestic airlines are operating more than 80,000 movements per month. Some specific routes are discussed with the number of flights and passenger movements.
3.2. International Airlines and Routes
A total of 86 international passenger carriers of 64 nationalities operated from Mumbai Airport, connecting to as many as 129 global destinations in 57 countries from Mumbai in the winter 2021-22 schedule.
International airlines operating 23 or more weekly departures have been classified as major carriers, and they have a 70.7% share of international flights and 77% of seats. Major carriers of India and their respective routes from Mumbai Airport dominate the ranks of top domestic and international airlines and reserve the top six slots in both categories.
The top five aircraft touchpoints for the major carriers from their domestic network are Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad, and these points also figure among the top six touchpoints for international flights. Middle Eastern carriers have a 10.8% share of total international departures from the Indian metro, and the airport ties at Paris are associated with a major airline, with 1,407 seats being offered.
While countries such as Australia, Canada, and Qatar completely restricted international commercial flights, in India, the government adopted a stratified and conservative approach to different phases of reopening and reviewed its policies from time to time. It initially started by allowing operations under the bilateral air bubble, lifting the ban linked to vaccines, pragmatic licensing exemptions to 16 air bubble countries, and revised restrictions to permit UK and European flights.
This was followed by the launch of regular scheduled international flights but on a restricted scale by setting weekly flight quotas. Air bubble carriers have retained their rights with a pairing in the country, while foreign airlines are free to interact with different carriers of the same nationality.
A key feature of the international strategy followed by Indian airlines has been a strategy that is built around broad geographical segments of traffic and a blended network of multiple sources of higher-yield traffic that aims to bypass low-yield price-sensitive traffic. Another dominant carrier on an overall India network serving 10 destinations deploys its capacity less evenly, operating to seven international destinations.
4. Passenger Experience
Navigating through the airport can be stressful when there is insufficient information about the terminal and flight statuses. However, with dedicated boards for the display of information at every junction, such problems are eliminated.
The airport is known for its cleanliness, and numerous amenities are provided to enhance passenger convenience. Moreover, dealing with a large airload, airport staff and associated amenities are always working towards customer satisfaction.
Understanding the problems on passengers’ end, customer care service has been a priority, with numerous complaints lodged and addressed in a month. The on-ground staff is available to assist passengers 24/7. An ‘I love CSIA’ campaign is also undertaken to show love and care to passengers in association with various passenger handling services.
An automated feedback system is also in place with a tab for the same available at every nook and corner of the terminal. Automated reports are evaluated and worked upon constantly, addressing customer grievances and concerns on a regular basis. During peak times, the staff is tight on the security protocols and may seem slightly intimidating, but the freedom to inquire is available to passengers. From around 21:00 hours to 04:00 hours, the passenger density falls considerably, creating a comfortable zone during these times to travel, also with extra time available at the check-in lounge due to relatively low traffic at the counter.
At peak times, though, passengers are recommended to arrive at the airport at least 4 to 6 hours early, as the check-in lounge is constantly flooded with passengers with long queues snaking around the pillar. The loads are high, but replacing tens of thousands of passengers on US-bound flights in 1.5 hours is done using high sequencing and checking of passengers behind the stage counters. Intra-European flights are pooled with long-haul passengers in the terminal until their respective check-in counters open.
The ambience is relaxing and calming for the passengers, and bags are screened efficiently for low loading. Staff are also scheduled for rotations at points that are comfortable for passengers, and in return, reduce queues at counters. The use of various systems has increased efficiency and reduced congestion in waiting and baggage areas.
Interlocking steel gates separate piers on landside and airside, separated by a transit area accepted by customs, and it is situated just before the rooms of embarking passengers, having immigration desks to shorten waiting time. Check-in and arrival procedures are time-consuming due to the ongoing process of full body scanners being installed along with self-bag tag systems. Recent creative uses of technology include the trial of portable self-boarding gates which allow passengers on flights at distant gates to be flexible.
All international flights have all the security checkpoints tied before the check-in and have no necessity for being screened again after the customs counter. All flights from a pier with many gates are situated at the straightforward work, where all flights are swiped. On the other hand, regional flights have had it belted since there are still flights between regions screened again.
All arrivals, however, have been inside the secure area and do not need baggage checked in until they start their return. All passengers arrive faster than their baggage, allowing for advance automated baggage card scans to save time and reduce congestion inside the lot.
4.1. Check-in and Security Procedures
When passengers arrive at Mumbai Airport, the first thing they need to do is check in for a flight. They have three main ways to do so. Many passengers opt to check in online ahead of time, a practice encouraged by Mumbai Airport in order to help expedite the process. However, some passengers still prefer to check in at the terminal and therefore have two options: they can either check in at a self-service kiosk or drop off their luggage instead of having to stand in line at the airline counter.
These methods help lead to shorter lines at the traditional check-in counters, which are valuable during peak travel seasons to help manage large volumes of travelers. Whether passengers check in at home, at a kiosk, or in person, they must then proceed to the security check area located in Departures to access the airside area.
This involves a security check of both people and baggage. This process can be very quick if there are few people in line and no alarm bells are raised by security staff—and it can be quite delayed if there are many people in line or if a passenger or a passenger’s carry-on items sets off an alarm or is flagged for closer scrutiny.
Security procedures at aviation facilities are in place to protect passengers, staff, and facilities from damage or disruption due to unlawful and violent acts. The goal both in research and in deployment of new procedures at airports is to minimize harm while maximizing the flow of travelers through facilities.
The idea is to create a balance between thoroughness and reasonable passenger convenience. During certain times of the year, security procedures are particularly rigorous around the world because of peak travel seasons. It is not uncommon during these times for passengers to be asked to empty their bottles or discard items containing liquid at checkpoints, which can lead to increased delays. Technologically advanced screening technologies help reduce wait times while still providing the necessary security screenings of passengers and cargo. Security measures are often not only a facility’s first impression to a new traveler, playing a large part in a traveler’s perception of an airport, but are also a significant factor in a traveler’s decision to use a particular airport.
Both the security check area and check-in areas must guide passengers through this process by maintaining clear communication flows through selective loudspeaker announcements and appropriate signage, and this is critical to ensure it is presented appropriately.
4.2. Dining and Shopping Options
Dining at Mumbai Airport: A quick service restaurant, such as Street Foods by Punjab Grill at T2, serves authentic Indian regional cuisine. There are also casual, fast casual, and family dining options available for passengers who have more time to dine while waiting for their flights, along with Higher, Destination, Bar, and Tiffin in T1. Short Eat & Cafe is available for those who are impatient. Not only these, but Mumbai Airport also boasts some fine dining options like the glass-encased Nirvana. These elegant, signature restaurants are destinations themselves, offering diners a memorable experience that is at once an indulgence and a reflection of the journey. It reminds one of a distinctive taste of place to a captive audience.
At Mumbai Airport, you can find traditional Indian food at Gold Court, as well as finger food at Tiffin’s Bar and Ciao in Terminal 1. As for passengers having access to T2, they will have more cuisines available, such as Macchiato, Papparoti, Moti Mahal, and Copper Chimney. Drinkers can sip an Eccentric Café craft beer at T2A, which follows an ‘art meets science’ concept.
Fresh tropical flavors are marked by notes of pineapple and mango. Unique handcrafted cocktails made by local artisans are sure to leave you wanting more. All of these options are available following a unique list of health and safety guidelines. There are professionally managed kiosks offering passengers the convenience of a quick bite and run, including candy stores and smoothie bars.
Shopping at Mumbai Airport: A variety of luxury products are sold at retail stores, including international brands and well-known Indian designers. There are also kiosks scattered in T2 arrivals and Transit, as well as in T1, to cater to passengers or their loved ones’ last-minute purchases. Local brands have entered the airport space. Local artisans should design traditional Indian ayurvedic or beauty products following innovative marketing models, with pop-up chairs where local artists can be invited to showcase their skills and traditional foods.
This space could be an area where landlords can wear one-of-a-kind jewelry, traditional Indian attire, and homemade objects with some basic design to appeal to the lounge crowd. The rotation of chairs can also change according to the time of year, season, or themed events. Retail displays should be updated so that the products are fresh. Retailing is an ever-changing business, and it is essential to make the transition from development to development. Keep adding and eliminating retailers at reasonable intervals to keep the terminal fresh and lively. The traveler should never feel this way!
5. Economic Impact and Future Development
Indira Gandhi Siri Airport has contributed to the Indian economy for 23 years. An airport of international standard opens the region to tourism and new business, creating jobs. CSMIA is expected to attract FDI and foreign direct services. Airport modernization and expansion activities have been initiated to handle increased passenger flow.
Mumbai’s role as the financial capital of India will remain integral to the functioning of the economy. India’s GDP growth and compromised airport capacity call for efficient infrastructure. Industry consolidation and congestion may occur due to airline entry. Cross-border partnerships are needed for sustainable development.
People also ask
mumbai airport name?
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport ( CSIA)
Terminal 2 mumbai airport, is domestic or international
This statement is false. Terminal 2 at Mumbai Airport (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport) exclusively handles international flights. Domestic flights are primarily handled by Terminal 1 of the airport.
